Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Community - Essay Example I attended a conference organized by the California State University, Northridge to address the issue of women empowerment in Latin America. The Conference was held on 12th December 2011, with powerful women attending, including Oprah Winfrey and Hillary Clinton. One of the objectives of the conference was to show that despite the negative prejudices placed on women, there are those who have conquered that belief and succeeded in their daily undertakings. Women’s great contributions to the community were greatly acknowledged, especially those realized in hospitals, schools, and institutions that support the poor. In the conference, it was noted that economic inequalities as well as legal and political structures play a vital role in worsening the overall empowerment of women. In her speech, Oprah Winfrey stated that inheritance laws and cultural practices discriminate and undermine women in several fields (Ellison 233). For example, in some of the Latin American communities, girls inherit half as much as their brothers, while mothers get less than what their children get; and if children pass away, mothers inherit less than fathers do. Such cultural practices deny women key resources that can help them emerge as successful people in the society. The conference was organized in a way that, the day was divided into shorter sessions and evening sessions where the real objective of giving the techniques to be used by women to conquer the social prejudices were addressed by the speakers. The audience did not consist of women alone, but men as well, since the whole community has a role to play in the empowerment of women. The conference seemed extremely lively as everyone participated wholly in his or her own way. Some questionnaires were passed around in the conference concerning women issues, and the audience ware so positive in answering. Participants

Virtue ethics Essay Example for Free

Virtue ethics Essay Virtue ethics belongs to the branch of philosophy called ethics. Virtue ethics is also a sub branch of normative ethics and it contrasts with disteleology because normative ethics is more concerned about characteristics of a person rather than the moral duties and laws they must abide, so Natural Moral Law, Kantian ethics and Divine Command are usually dismissed by Virtue Ethics. This ethical theory also contrasts with consequentialism e. g. Utilitarianism which is more focused on results and outcomes. Virtue ethics was first introduces by Plato and was further developed by Aristotle. Virtue ethics is based on the focus of characteristics, also known as virtues. This means the good character traits an individual has- and the opposite of a virtue (a vice) which are the negatives traits of an individual. Virtue ethics can be seen as an anti-theory because it is not concerned about the theory aspect but rather it is about the practice of it. In other words Virtue ethics focuses upon what kind of human being you ought to be rather than the actions of a human being. Plato, in his book â€Å"Republic†, focused on justices and further on argues that, with his beliefs about the soul, that there is a virtue connected to such part of the soul. These different parts of the soul, are called imperative and it is divided into three parts, with a virtue connected to it. These virtues are the cardinal virtues; thus reason and wisdom are one, the human spirit performing well is paired with courage and destiny which is paired with temperance or otherwise known as moderation (self-control). If we have all these virtues we can obtain justice, the fourth virtue. According to Plato, justice is an important virtue because it balances out the interrelationship between the parts of the soul. There is justice when reason rules over spirit and desires. Wisdom is the knowledge of Forms especially the knowledge of the Form of God, having to know what goodness is itself. The forms are the fixed, unities and unchanging concepts that are ultimately real. This type of thinking presupposes both anthropological dualism and ontological dualism. The problems with Plato is that he has based his argument on a questionable metaphysic cleansing that we cannot prove something we have little to no experience to. The concept about the soul and the priparte are criticised because there is no empirical evidence to support it, it is only logic and reason. A fortiori is the criticism of the preparative soul because there is no solid empirical evidence to support it. Furthermore there is no evidence to support the claim that there are forms, again it is only a concept based on reasoning. Lace Wing presents the argument that even if ontology accepted Virtue Ethics, then it is unclear what the practical implications are. If Virtue Ethics is an anti-ethical theory then to how would you practice it? What would you do afterwards? How would knowing these virtues and forms affect you? In the hope of rescuing Virtue Ethics, Aristotle (Plato’s student) delivers his interpretation of this ethical theory. Aristotle does not necessarily agree into Plato’s metaphysic, epistemology or ontology but he does agree with Plato that reason is vital to virtue’s. This is because human’s are rational animals and agrees that virtue’s are vital to human flourishing otherwise known as â€Å"eudsimonia†. Unlike Plato, Aristotle believes that there are only two kinds of virtues; intellectual virtues and moral virtues.

Homeless Americans Essay -- essays research papers fc

In our current time of economic prosperity in the United States, many people are enjoying greater wealth, higher earnings, and profitable investments. Unemployment rates are reported to be low, and wages high. Yet there is still an extraordinary amount of homeless people living in the United States. In an article entitled â€Å"The Criminalization of Homelessness† Celine-Marie Pascale tries to convey how the homeless are being treated unfairly by society. Criminalization might be a little too strong a word to apply to the punishment of homeless people, but Pascale is trying to make a statement about the homeless situation in the United States today. I would like to take a closer look at this article and examine the points she is trying to make. Pascale begins her article by stating that many U.S. cities are enacting laws which would punish homeless individuals for doing things many ‘ordinary’ people do all the time. For instance, loitering or sleeping in public (320). She states that the California Homeless and Housing Coalition estimates that there are around a million homeless people in California alone. Eight self governed cities in southern California and at least one city in northern California passed anti-sleeping laws, says Pascale (320). Another law in the city of San Francisco states that it is â€Å"illegal to linger for more than 60 seconds within 30 feet of an automatic teller in use† (321). The city of San Francisco spent a lot of time and money to arrest 15 people for begging in 1993 and Pascale alleges that there are several other major cities in the U.S. with similar laws (321). According to Pascale, Berkeley uses trespassing laws and loitering laws to keep people off the sidewalks and away from places like parks and laundromats. And in Santa Cruz you can be arrested for sitting on a sidewalk, sleeping outside, or even sleeping in a car (321). Pascale asserts that the reason for these laws is to protect the businesses located around these areas. She also says that â€Å"no one wants to run a guantlet of panhandlers to get to a boutique or step over people sleeping on the sidewalk to buy a cappuccino† (321). And for that reason, most business owners think it reflects badly on them if there are homeless people loitering or sleeping in front of their store (321). Pascale points out that, in general, most people believe that it is the individual’s fault tha... ... people who can’t seem to handle life’s challenges turn to crime just so they can go to prison because prison is an easy way out for them. You get free housing and free food for as long as you are there. Although this is not the case in many situations, there are some who would find this arrangement appealing. In â€Å"The Criminalization of Homelessness,† Pascale does a fair job of showing her audience that homeless people are not being treated very well. She informs us of the problem by giving cited statistics and specific examples, but she could have included more details to make her point stronger. Webster’s dictionary defines a criminal as someone who is found guilty of a serious offense by violating the law. Homelessness is far from a serious offense, and it is far from being treated as a serious offense. But she is right that we need to change the way we handle the homeless. In my opinion, Pascale’s article was more of an informative essay on the laws of some cities than a serious article about the problem in this nation concerning homelessness. Works Cited Begrens, Laurence; Rosen, Leonard J. Writing and Reading Across the Curriculum. 7th ed. New York, Longman, 2000. 320-322.

Elasticity :: Economics, Price

Introduction Elasticity is one of the most important theories in economics and it is a measure of responsiveness (Baker, 2006)i. There are mainly two types of elasticity, the elasticity of demand which includes price elasticity of demand, income elasticity of demand, and cross elasticity of demand as well as elasticity of supply (McConnell, Brue, & Flynn, 2009)ii. The degree to which a demand or supply curve reacts to a change in price is the curve's elasticity (Lingham, 2009)iii. Elasticity varies among products because some products may be more essential to the consumer. Consumer Price elasticity plays an important role in the lives of consumers. The price elasticity of demand is the sensitivity of the demand for a product when its price changes (McConnell, Brue, & Flynn, 2009)iv. Cafes like Panera Bread refuses payments from customers and politely asked them instead to â€Å"take what you need, and leave your fair share† (Strom & Gay, 2010)v, resulting in more people getting goods like food at a fair price that they are willing to pay. Based on the income elasticity of demand, consumers can get a better and healthier life as they will buy things with better quality as their income rises. People will go to Italiannies for pizza and not to Pizza Hut as Italiannies offers a better, tastier, healthier and wider variety of choices, even when it is more expensive. With cross elasticity of demand, consumers can get the same quality product at a cheaper price as the rivalry between substitute goods will result in price reduction or improved quality. Consumers get to travel by MAS Airlines at a cheaper price as the rivalry between MAS and other airline companies has caused its price reduction (Gunasegaran, 2011)vi. Consumers with a low budget can also buy what they need. Consumers can get more value from a package offer when buying complementary goods as they â€Å"go together†, for example: McDonald's McValue Lunch which comprises of a burger, fries, and soft drink, all for only RM5.95 onwards (My Food Fetish, 2009)vii. With this, consumers can get convenience when buying certain products. Business Elasticity is also prominent to businesses. The price elasticity of demand is very important for companies to determine the price of their products and their total sales and revenue. Newell showed that by cutting the price of the Left 4 Dead game in half to $25 during a Valve promotion, its sales increased by 3000 percent (Irwin, 2009)viii.

Globalisation in Terms of Social and Economic Trends

Globalisation is not a single phenomenon. It has become a catch-all concept to describe a range of trends and forces changing the social and economic structures of the world. Globalisation may be defined as ‘becoming or making world-wide†, but it has also been referred to as Westernisation. Globalisation as argued by Professor Ruud Lubbers, former Prime Minister of the Netherlands, is considered to have a number of distinct elements to it, which include Economic, Technological, Political, Cultural and Environmental. Economically, greater world integration or globalisation has been greatly encouraged since the Second World War, with the introduction of free trade agreements such as GATT (General Agreement on Tariff†s and Trade). Additionally, regional trade agreements have also been developed, which have included ‘single markets† established by the European Community and NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement). Technologically, the IT revolution has provided a massive improvements in our ability to store and manipulate data using ever more powerful computers. More important however, is the communication abilities of these computers. The Communications Revolution has resulted in the ‘shrinking† of the world. Politically, it was not until the collapse of the former Soviet Block in the late 1980†³s and the general acceptance of the free market (deregulation) and democracy, coupled with the emergence of the ‘Tiger† economies of the Pacific Rim, that the term globalisation has taken on true significance. Culturally, there has been a spreading of Westernisation, or perhaps more accurately Americanisation through the media of films, television and music. Following the Second World War, the USA fearing the rise of communism, actively encouraged and subsidised the world-wide distribution of films effectively advertising (if only subliminally) the benefits of capitalism and the American Dream. As a consequence to the dilution of cultures, France for example has since introduced legislation requiring radio stations to play a minimum of 40% of music originating from or sung in French. Environmental problems are increasingly becoming global problems. Therefore, countries are no longer able to look at environmental issues in isolation. This has been dramatically illustrated for example by the nuclear disaster at Chernobyl, the depletion of the ozone layer and acid rain over Scandinavia. Countries now need to act collectively (as per the Rio Conference) for there to be any chance of reversing or just slowing the damage being caused to the environment. Globalisation of the economy has not been based purely on free trade but also on the free movement of capital. This has promoted direct foreign investments from one country into another (e.g. massive Japanese investment into the EU, especially the UK) which has had a strong influence on the globalisation of the national economies. As an economic phenomenon, globalisation has resulted in a shift away from a world of distinct national economies to a global economy in which production is distributed internationally and finance is able to flow freely and instantly between countries. Multinational businesses have vast economic powers, whilst institutional investors and financial gurus such as George Soros are capable of influencing the currency rates, economic policies, and interest rates of individual nation states (e.g. September 1992, the UK was forced to leave the European Exchange Rate Mechanism). The framework of rules within which economic activity takes place is increasingly defined within the international framework of organisations such as the WTO (World Trade Organisation), the IMF (International Monetary Fund), the World Bank, the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) and G7-8 summits, together with the regional trading blocks such as the European Union and NAFTA. Globalisation is arguably both a cause and a consequence of the information revolution. It is driven by dramatic improvements in telecommunications, exponential increases in computing power coupled with lower costs, and the development of electronic communications and information networks such as the Internet. These communications technologies are helping to overcome the barriers of physical distance. Communities of various types, including NGOs (Non-Government Organisations) which include international interest groups like Amnesty International or Greenpeace, as well as business and labour organisations, now function across national borders. Greenpeace is a prime example: the Shell Brent Spar case illustrated the ability of such internationally organised interest groups to successfully exert commercial and political pressure in multiple countries simultaneously. In turn, social policies affecting individual citizens are becoming more sensitive to international influences, especially when highlighted by the global news media. While globalisation is transferring numerous decisions to the international arena, political and constitutional reforms in many countries involve attempts to decentralise decision-making from central government to more regionally autonomous authorities to cater for a sense of ‘local† identity (e.g. new Labour polices on devolution for Scotland and Wales). These trends appear contradictory, but in practice they are causing the development of new multi-level policy systems. Consequently, borders are becoming increasingly difficult for governments to define and maintain. Therefore, national governments are being forced to redefine their roles, responsibilities and policy relationships. In the same way, multinational companies will find that they will not only have to deal with global trends but also the local laws and customs of their intended markets and manufacturing centres. Globalisation has raised fears that the sovereignty of nation states is being undermined. If sovereignty can be defined as the ability to exercise control without outside interference, then nation states are clearly experiencing diminishing sovereignty. Governments must recognise and work on the assumption that most issues they are required to deal with are affected by or will affect to some extent the international competitiveness of the country. Governments' own responses to globalisation or the search for joint solutions to global problems have further effects upon sovereignty. Participation in international organisations or the adoption of international agreements puts limits on policy options available to governments. This may even require modifications to long-standing domestic policies and practices. Interdependence is narrowing the degree of domestic policy independence. Unilateral action may not be the most effective way to achieve policy goals. For example, the exploitation of resources such as fisheries would inevitably result in the severe depletion, if not destruction, of common stocks (European Common Fisheries Policy) . Many other important policy goals cannot be met by governments acting alone. In combating environmental problems and international crime etc, the interests of individual nations, therefore, may only be protected by collective action. The competition for international investment encouraged by the activities and mobility of multinational enterprises means that most traditional domestic policies such as education and training, taxation, social protection, economic regulation and labour legislation have become international. Even a nation's domestic management policy is a matter of great concern to its trading rivals, because this will ultimately affect a country†s efficiency and consequently its competitiveness. Government policies must increasingly be made more consistent with or competitive against those of their main trading rivals. This was highlighted by Britain†s decision to opt out of the Social Chapter of the Maastricht Treaty. Monetary and fiscal policy decisions can no longer be taken on the basis of exclusively domestic considerations. Currently more than 10 times the amount of finance needed to support the current volume of world trade, is traded daily on the world currency markets. This means that 90 per cent of that activity could be seen as pure currency speculation. This is far in excess of what central banks can hope to influence through their own interventions, especially in the absence of any joint action. In recent years, the Labour Party in the UK, after four successive election defeats has gradually moved its economic policy broadly in line with that of the current Government. This may be seen as an attempt to gain credibility with the UK electorate but perhaps most importantly, to gain credibility with the International Money Markets which will have the opportunity of voting with their funds! The improvement of communications this century from sailing ship to satellite has contributed directly to the globalisation of the world†s economies and political systems. Technological globalisation of Information Technology has moved across cultural and physical barriers, effectively eliminating the capacity of countries (however draconian) to isolate themselves from the world outside. Despite this, Iran has recently banned the use of satellite television, but control will be difficult, if not impossible, to achieve because the information revolution which has also provided e-mail and the Internet has democratised information. It may seem nonsensical for the need to obtain a visa to physically visit someone to whom you are able to talk to electronically on a daily basis. The result is that free speech and civil liberties are becoming increasingly international. Borders will no longer act as boundaries, especially with respect to information (IT has effectively eliminated the capacity of countries to keep out foreign influences, good or bad) and the flow of finance and crime. Therefore, numerous problems can only be tackled in collaboration with other countries. Ultimately, the goal of globalisation is to achieve a world economy reaping the benefits of additional trade and, consequently, mutual dependency (no two countries with a MacDonalds franchise have ever gone to war with each other!), therefore creating more jobs and prosperity for the participating countries. However, some such as Martin Khor, an economist and director of the NGO Third World Network, believe that free trade within a global market will polarise the poorer countries from the richer nations still further. According to some estimates, the industrialised countries, which make up 20% of the GATT membership, will gain 70% of the additional income arising from the implementation of the Uruguay Round of GATT. The globalisation of trade finance and information is perhaps the tip of the globalisation iceberg. The challenge to governments may be made more acute by a host of other internationalisation†s under-way, which include areas such as crime and population movement (economic refugees). Even if it is considered by some to be less than desirable, the increasing globalisation of the world seems unavoidable. In the long term, little may be gained by nation states resisting the impacts of globalisation, which may ultimately prove to be ineffective and counter-productive. To conclude, the ever-improving technology and consequently communications available to businesses, have enabled the creation of a global economy of production and finance, enabling industry to make use of territorial divisions, playing one country or trade-block off against another to maximise subsidies, savings in taxes, avoidance of anti-pollution regulations and guarantees of political stability and favour. With this, a new political structure is emerging with national sovereignty being an ever-looser concept (illustrated by the gradual and continuing integration of individual nation states into the European Union), which is contributing to the emergence of a phenomenon described by Robert Cox as ‘macro-regionalism†. He considers there to be three macro-regions in the making: Europe based on the European Union; an Eastern Asian sphere centred around Japan; and a North American sphere centred around the USA and looking to embrace Latin America. Perhaps the emergence of these macro-regions is part of a natural evolution towards a truly global state?

7 Tips for Editing to Improve Usage

7 Tips for Editing to Improve Usage 7 Tips for Editing to Improve Usage 7 Tips for Editing to Improve Usage By Mark Nichol How do you make sure you’re writing right? Crafting prose is mostly a matter of using the right words for the job. Here are some steps to help you achieve that goal. 1. Look up the definition of an unfamiliar word and be sure you understand the meaning before you use it. It’s easy to deploy a word you’ve just read or heard, mistakenly believing you understand its definition or its connotation, only to confuse or accidentally mislead your readers. Always double-check a term you’ve never used before. (Consider doing the same with words you’ve used before and think you know.) 2. Search a thesaurus or a synonym finder for the precise meaning, taking care to notice the different connotations of similar words. Flag stock words and phrases, and thumb or click through a print or online resource to select a more exact or accurate synonym. But be alert to seemingly similar words with distinct senses. 3. Keep your writing clear and coherent, and avoid pretentious or overly formal language. Write to communicate, not to impress. Say what you mean, and mean what you say. Don’t dumb down, but don’t let your writing get in the way of your message. There’s a fine line between elegance and pomposity. 4. Select the strongest nouns and verbs before you select adjectives and adverbs. Words that modify nouns and verbs can enhance clarity of thought and vividness of imagery, but if they upstage the words they’re supposed to support, strengthen the actor and action words. When you do so, an adjective or adverb may no longer be necessary. 5. Seek opportunities to use repetition for rhetorical effect while, at the same time, you watch for careless redundancy. Take care that you don’t repeat yourself unless you do so to emphasize your point. 6. Read your draft aloud to help you refine grammar and usage. If something doesn’t sound right to you, it probably doesn’t read right to your audience, either. Recitation of your writing is time consuming, but that’s how you find the awkward wording or phrasing you didn’t stumble over in your silent review. 7. Ask someone else to read your writing and critique it. People you draft to read your draft need not offer solutions to problems of grammar, usage, organization, and logic; they can simply highlight problematic words, phrases, sentences, and passages, and offer more detail if necessary while leaving the problem solving to you. This last step isn’t practical for every writing task or assignment, but if a piece of prose is important enough to you, and you have a reliable, word-savvy person on hand, ask to borrow their eyes and the brain attached to them. (You, of course, will reciprocate when called on.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund PhrasesWork of Art TitlesEducational vs. Educative

Gabriel Prossers Slave Conspiracy Essays

Gabriel Prossers Slave Conspiracy Essays Gabriel Prossers Slave Conspiracy Paper Gabriel Prossers Slave Conspiracy Paper Gabriel Prosser’s Slave Conspiracy In the year 1800 several slaves decided to put up a fight for their rights as American citizens. Gabriel Prosser, a very large, black slave, helped to gather a large sum of fellow slaves and began to plan a revolt, create weapons and ammunitions, and secretly plot their attack. This secret attack remained a secret attack for quite sometime until the governor and a few others caught wind of the slaves’ plans. A few letters had been written in regards of a rebellious act being conjured by slaves. After a few of these letters the governor decided to round up several hundred men, including Manchester’s federal armory, and took a few other measures in an attempt to prevent the slaves plans from following through. Right when the revolt was set to take place a massive storm blew in. This rain should have prevented passageway to the slaves’ destination, but they still managed to cross the broken bridge and meet at their rallying point. Once they reached the other side though, fighting was still out of the question. The slaves then all dispersed. Over the course of the next few days the slaves that participated in this revolt were rounded up. Gabriel himself had attempted to escape with a woman named Mary, but was ratted out by a few Negroes. He was caught and sentenced to death by hanging. They postponed his death date a bit in hopes of getting some more information out of him, but were unable to get much of anything out of him or any other slave. As a matter of fact several men commented on how noble and true to their cause these slaves were. : But eventually Gabriel, along with many of the other slaves that had been caught, the exact number undecided, were hanged. A few more were tossed in jail where one was said to have killed himself, and others escaped without any later records of being caught a second time. Though this revolt did not go quite as planned and the governor was hoping all had come to it’s end, it did arouse tensions in other states such as North Carolina where rebellious acts were becoming more and more heard of. http://chss. montclair. edu/english/furr/spl/gabrielrevolt. html

Sentence and Claire Text Essay

Sentence and Claire Text Essay Sentence and Claire Text Essay 111/17 cut hand no paper work filled out no accident report given to fill out when asked about it was told we would â€Å"deal with it later† I text Claire on 12/17/14 asking her if she had filled anything out as my insurance was billed for my office visit, no response. I called out of work for 11/18 due to a family emergency and text Claire again asking if she received my text the night before, she responded â€Å"yes later† I asked her to clarify she said she would fill out the paperwork later. 11/19 talked with Claire expressing my concern with Alex, how I felt uncomfortable working in the kitchen. Talked with her about my concern with sandwiches and salads not being pulled and finding moldy ones. I asked for an 18% increase in my wage due to added responsibility and working the morning shift (3am-12p) I was told Claire would talk with bob the following day 11/20 I messaged Claire on her cell phone asking her if there was any word on my requested raise I apologized because I meant to talk with her in person but was very busy at work and Claire jetted out of the door, I was told â€Å" I am off the clock, lets talk next time† 11/24 Claire came into work today @ 6am and said we would discuss what bob had to say regarding my raise when we both had time. After Claire asked me to clocked off she asked me to go sit with her out in the food court. I led and saw Alex trotting behind Claire, I told Claire I didn’t feel comfortable talking about my wages around Alex as he is not management and I was told Alex is the Kitchen supervisor so he has a say in this. Claire immediately got to the point, saying â€Å"you need to be in your position for 90 days before you are eligible for a raise† I told Claire I couldn’t continue to work in the kitchen for 10$ an hour and I was going to have to put my two weeks in. Claire said she understood and asked if she could get my two weeks in writing, I said sure and requested to meet with bob to discuss my concerns expressed to Claire on 11/19. Claire text me saying bob will meet with me on 11/26 at 11am. 11/25 I went to the sandwich bar and found expired sandwiches that were not pulled the day before, I expressed concern with Claire and was told â€Å" I am not sure what to do about this† Alex had worked the day before and I reminded him before I left that they expired sandwiches needed to be pulled at 12p. (I text Claire at 12:25PM today to let her know I rescinded my two week notice) 11/26 Bob here today, Claire, myself and Bob all spoke in the cafeteria area in the airport. I mostly did all of the talking. I mentioned that I felt my review was extremely unfair as it was based solely on my performance in the kitchen and I had only just begun working in the kitchen (my first week working in kitchen began on (11/03/2014) I expressed how I felt uncomfortable working with Alex. My concern with the food and using old meat from expired sandwiches etc and how I felt like everything I made a complaint about him Claire always has an excuse. Bob said that when Claire approached him about my request for a raise he told her it was merit based and my

Consider one area of Tort law which you feel policy factors have had a Essay

Consider one area of Tort law which you feel policy factors have had a particular part to play in the development of the law.(Have chosen police immunity) - Essay Example There are four inherent elements to this negligence. These elements include the notion that there is a duty to exhibit a reasonable amount of care when dealing with another individual, the breach of that duty, the notion that the breach of that duty caused physical harm to another individual and finally, the breach did in fact cause harm from a legal standpoint. In order to examine the police immunity with regards to breach of duty within the realm of the tort of negligence, it is prudent that we examine the background of breach of duty and the charge of negligence resulting from it.1 The tort of negligence like all other legal causes in common law arose out of a necessity based on reason wherein many different actions were brought based on the fault of individuals with regards to inflicting harm on others as a direct result of carelessness. It dates back to the case of Heaven v Pender (1885). This was the first case wherein negligence was alleged wherein Pender who was a dock owner charged with the responsibility of putting up a staging outside of a ship owned by another party. He placed the staging up. An employee, who was subcontracted to paint the ship, mounted the staging and was hurt when one of the ropes supplied by the defendant broke and caused the plaintiff to sustain injuries. The plaintiff then brought a suit against Mr. Pender as Mr. Pender did supply the defective rope that eventually broke. Additionally, there was evidence that the rope had been scorched and there was prior knowledge that the rope was unfit for supporting the staging. The judge in this case ruled for the plaintiff and established a precedent with regards to negligence arising from a breach of duty.2 Yet another early case in establishing the tort of negligence is the case of Le Lievre v Gould [1893] which called to task the notion of professional negligence. Professional negligence according to common

Dream house Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dream house - Assignment Example A dream house has to be designed to meet the preferred color schemes, locations as well as other special features (Ransom, 8). People should understand that it is possible to buy a house that does not have all preferences, but they can later make improvements on the house to meet the specifications intended. In this case, house improvements should not just be directed towards fixing a certain problem, the owner has to know that pampering a house is a daily activity (Smith, 7), there will always be preference for certain features in the course of staying in that house. The most important thing is to ensure that the value of that particular house remains intact. It is important to note that improvements in the dream house can be expensive in some cases, this means that the person who intends to have it must do it gradually, he needs to begin with areas that are most unpleasant to those areas which are sometimes unnoticeable. A dream house should always be designed to withstand various environmental factors; it should not expose the occupants to environmental risks. However, it is important to note that some environmental hazards are unpredictable and unavoidable, for this reason, people should always understand and derive better ways to handle them when they come. Nonetheless a dream house should be stable and conducive for its inhabitants in all seasons, whether it is in hot summers or cold winters Eileen is considered one of the most important and competent designers and architect of the 20th century, at the same time; she is among the women who are termed as most influential in this field. She has risen to become very much renowned and inspired many other people including modern approaches in design and architecture as well as decors for various types of property (Eileen. 4). Eileen started up her career amidst hard circumstances that would have made anyone rubbish her off. However, she persisted with her

ARTICLE CRITIQUE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ARTICLE CRITIQUE - Essay Example just in front of the period. 0.25 error in period. No need for double period after bracket.) It very carefully pointed out that the study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the Helsinki Declaration of 1975(Meunier, A., Lisander. B., and Good. L.2007).. (0.25 there should be a space after1975, just before the bracket. 0.25 there is no need for double period after the bracket and there should be a space just after the period infron of L. erro in double period)The authors even indicated what hospital that the study was done at(Meunier, A., Lisander. B., and Good. L.2007).. (0.25 no space after at just before the bracket. 0.25 there is no space after the period in front of L. There is no need of a double period after the bracket.)The study even indicated how the capsules of medications were processed and delivered in envelopes prepared by this certain Swedish pharmacy(Meunier, A., Lisander. B., and Good. L.2007).. (0.25 error in spacing after pharmacy. Ther should be a space after pharmacy. 0.25 there should also be a space after the period in front of L. 0.25 there is no need of double period after the bracket)The study determined that Celecoxib does not increase perioperative blood loss but reduces pain during the postoperative period after total knee replacement(Meunier, A., Lisander. B., and Good. L.2007).. (0.25 no space after replacement. 0.25 no space after the period infornt of L. 0.25 no need for double period after the bracket) So it is not necessary to discontinue celecoxib before surgery(Meunier, A., Lisander. B., and Good. L.2007)..  (0.25 no space between surgery and the bracket. 0.25 no space after the period in front of L. 0.25 no need for double period after the bracket.) The use of lidocaine and fentanyl in spinal anesthesia has been found to be very safe, effective, and efficient anesthetic but it has frequently caused nausea, vomiting, and pruritus, which then can lead to a delayed

The problem of sustainability at Marks and Spencer Essay

The problem of sustainability at Marks and Spencer - Essay Example The firm that is analyzed in the paper is Marks & Spencer, one of Europe’s leading retailers and a household name in the UK where it provides high-quality clothing, food, and home wares in about 30 countries through over 400 stores. It has thus employed many people worldwide and enjoys huge turnover. However, with the recent globalisation and increased competition, Marks & Spencer and other international companies face variant business challenges. The problem of sustaining the supply of high-quality clothing, food, and households is one of the major issues affecting Marks & Spencer. The core aim of Marks & Spencer is to provide great customer service since lack of it leads to customer disappointments and low turnover. Indeed, customers need full and consistent availability of high-quality services. In this case, Marks & Spencer aims at becoming the world's most sustainable major global retailer by 2015. The eight company executives who participated in the survey are specialist s who came from inside and outside Marks & Spencer. From the survey, we can establish that in 2007, Marks & Spencer launched a sustainability plan. As such, there is a clear relationship between sustainability and business models in various companies. This reflects an alignment between sustainability priorities and organisations’ business priorities. Indeed, this link is very significant as it enables the management to address the issues of sustainability in relation to business operations since all business operations should take into account the aspect of sustainability to guarantee a going concern for the company.... ctually, the survey reveals that Marks  &Spencer  aligns the concept of sustainability with core strategy in all business operations with an aim of realising sustainability in the quickest time possible. Indeed, most respondents established a clear correlation between the business strategy of the company and sustainability. However, many respondents established that there are wide gaps between the leaders’ aspirations towards sustainability and how sustainability applies within their organisations. This gap hinders the implementation of the sustainability policy and the success thereof. At the same time, we can derive form the survey that sustainability in any company faces internal and external challenges (Hogevold & Svensson 2012, p.142-151). Indeed, at Marks & Spencer, the current economy denies them an avenue to foster sustainability and its importance. Moreover, we can establish from the survey that companies face the challenge of balancing between sustainability prin ciples and sustainability objectives on one side and the actions and investments on another side. This seeks to ensure that we get maximum sustainability returns from potential investments. In addition, we can ascertain that being dependent on the importance of sustainability to the future business endeavours, the management faces a challenge of aligning the organisation’s sustainability practices with the principles of the company. As such, the management faces specific challenges of recruiting effective employees and personnel with the necessary skills to pursue the sustainability objectives as well as the challenge of making tradeoffs in other business areas. At the same time, sustainability faces a challenge of securing employee buy-in to business model changes (Deloitte 2010, p. 2-9). Most

Love and Suicide ( Book Love in the time of Cholera) Research Proposal

Love and Suicide ( Book Love in the time of Cholera) - Research Proposal Example This story is one of the most remarkable pieces of literature, that portrays the theme of unrequited love, described by Thomas Pynchon describes as â€Å"one of those few rare works, that can even return our worn souls to us." (The New York Times Book Review) This superficial melodramatic plot is a disguise for a satiric examination of elements of love, ageing and disease. The novelist also explores the issue of suicide and gerent phobia. The process of aging, death and decay forms an important theme in the novel. In a style typical of Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez there is a circular pattern to aging and the author on many occasions observes the reversal of roles of parents and children. The novelist keenly observes the process of aging and brings about the details of its encroachment. The suicide of Jeremiah de Saint-Amour was a result of his fear of old age. He planned to die at the age of sixty because he was not sure that he would be a productive human being at that age. This feeling of being unproductive, prompted him to plan his suicide years ago. Jeremiah Saint-Amours death inspires Urbino to meditate on his own death. He dwells especially on the infirmities that accompany it. On reading the novel, one realizes that the fears of old age were shared by many in his society. Ofelia, Fermina Daza’s daughter does not approve of her mother’s relationship with a man because of her age. She finds the idea of love in the old as ridiculous and revolting Another instance of suicide in the novel is that which is committed by Amà ©rica Vicuà ±ia, the fourteen year old ward of Florentino. She was a blood relative of Florentino who came under his care as a little girl with "the scrapes of elementary school on her knees." He spends a year cultivating her by spending childish afternoons with her and giving her ice-creams. He seduces her and wins her confidence. When Florentino is on the riverboat with Fermina Daza, the heartbroken Amà ©rica Vicuà ±ia commits suicide. Love in the

The problem of sustainability at Marks and Spencer Essay

The problem of sustainability at Marks and Spencer - Essay Example The firm that is analyzed in the paper is Marks & Spencer, one of Europe’s leading retailers and a household name in the UK where it provides high-quality clothing, food, and home wares in about 30 countries through over 400 stores. It has thus employed many people worldwide and enjoys huge turnover. However, with the recent globalisation and increased competition, Marks & Spencer and other international companies face variant business challenges. The problem of sustaining the supply of high-quality clothing, food, and households is one of the major issues affecting Marks & Spencer. The core aim of Marks & Spencer is to provide great customer service since lack of it leads to customer disappointments and low turnover. Indeed, customers need full and consistent availability of high-quality services. In this case, Marks & Spencer aims at becoming the world's most sustainable major global retailer by 2015. The eight company executives who participated in the survey are specialist s who came from inside and outside Marks & Spencer. From the survey, we can establish that in 2007, Marks & Spencer launched a sustainability plan. As such, there is a clear relationship between sustainability and business models in various companies. This reflects an alignment between sustainability priorities and organisations’ business priorities. Indeed, this link is very significant as it enables the management to address the issues of sustainability in relation to business operations since all business operations should take into account the aspect of sustainability to guarantee a going concern for the company.... ctually, the survey reveals that Marks  &Spencer  aligns the concept of sustainability with core strategy in all business operations with an aim of realising sustainability in the quickest time possible. Indeed, most respondents established a clear correlation between the business strategy of the company and sustainability. However, many respondents established that there are wide gaps between the leaders’ aspirations towards sustainability and how sustainability applies within their organisations. This gap hinders the implementation of the sustainability policy and the success thereof. At the same time, we can derive form the survey that sustainability in any company faces internal and external challenges (Hogevold & Svensson 2012, p.142-151). Indeed, at Marks & Spencer, the current economy denies them an avenue to foster sustainability and its importance. Moreover, we can establish from the survey that companies face the challenge of balancing between sustainability prin ciples and sustainability objectives on one side and the actions and investments on another side. This seeks to ensure that we get maximum sustainability returns from potential investments. In addition, we can ascertain that being dependent on the importance of sustainability to the future business endeavours, the management faces a challenge of aligning the organisation’s sustainability practices with the principles of the company. As such, the management faces specific challenges of recruiting effective employees and personnel with the necessary skills to pursue the sustainability objectives as well as the challenge of making tradeoffs in other business areas. At the same time, sustainability faces a challenge of securing employee buy-in to business model changes (Deloitte 2010, p. 2-9). Most

Assigment 1-1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assigment 1-1 - Assignment Example There are many forms of popular culture and some of these include Films, fashion, Music, advertising, sports and magazines Popular culture production comprises of two levels and they include the encoding level and the decoding level, encoding occurs at the industrial level where cultural text are proposed and put together to produce popular culture. The decoding level refers to consumption of these cultural texts, the decoding level refers to the interpretation of these cultural text by the audience, when the audience comes i9nto contact with the cultural text he or she interprets it differently. Before the cultural text is released for consumption the producers must first take into consideration the interpretation of this cultural text, this include its effect, its influence, whether it is entertaining and whether it instructs of persuades, other complex interpretations include cognitive, emotional, ideology and behaviour consequences. Production of popular culture is drawn from myths, beliefs, rituals and heroic ideals. Popular culture is proposed by the mass media and given that the audience is large it plays a major role in the society, Antonio Gramsci introduced the concept of hegemony, hegemony is the power that is exercised by one social group to win the consent of the less dominant group without using force, it is an ideology of the dominant group achieved by engineering consensus by controlling cultural forms, he stated that the church promoted the acceptance of beliefs and culture that benefited the ruling class and therefore the survival of capitalism was as a result of acceptance. The understanding of popular culture is important in business, popular culture is produced in order to shape the perception of the masses, therefore when businesses are selling their products they will have to propose certain popular culture in order for the consumers to accept the product, this can only be done through the mass media whereby a certain cultural text is

Principles of Managing Information and Producing Documents Essay Example for Free

Principles of Managing Information and Producing Documents Essay Unit title: Principles of managing information and producing documents 1. Understand the purpose of information technology in a business environment 1. 1 Identify different types of information technology that may be used for work tasks Types of technology that could be used to do tasks at work are computer software like: Microsoft Word which is software used to create documents Excel is software that can be used for storing and organising data. Publisher is software which is used to create almost anything from documents to greeting cards. Could also use a fax machine, telephone and send emails. 1. 2 Outline the benefits of using information technology for work tasks The benefits of using technology for work tasks include: Speed – A computer can search through files and records quickly to find the information you require. It can also make it quicker and easier to change a mistake. Editing – If you hand write documents if there was a mistake you would have to retype from scratch, but on the computer documents can be easily amended. Quality – On the computer there are many tools that make the quality of a document better like spell and grammar check, templates, different fonts and emboldening, borders, bullet points or numbering and all them enable high quality documents to be produced. Access – On a computer you can control who gets access to the documents because you can just send it to certain people or if you have a password on the computer it restricts who can get on. 1. Understand how to manage electronic and paper based information 1. 1 Explain the purpose of agreeing objectives and deadline for researching information The purpose of agreeing objectives and deadlines is to ensure that you collect all the needed information to complete the task given and you will have a correct date to finish it by. You will also know what sort of resources to use to collect the data because depending on what you’re looking for something’s could be copy righted which you cannot use because it’s illegal. 1. 2 Identify different ways of researching, organising and reporting information Different sources of research are: Paper-based like libraries and newspapers. Technological which is internet, CD/DVDS and television. Asking people which is primary research and gathering research yourself is secondary. To organize information you could: Organise informations according to relevance. Put it in numeric or alphabetical order. Keep it in date order. Different ways of Filing information: Numeric order. Alphabetical Date To report information means keep a log of your information and its sources. First you should plan a report and know what the purpose is for it, then find the data you need to write a report, should then produce a draft and check everything you need is there and then finalise your report and checking it again. 1. 1 Describe procedures to be followed for archiving, retrieving and deleting information, including legal requirements, if required Electronic and paper-based methods: Out guide/Absent cards – Are used when someone removes a file from the shelf and they will insert an out guide in its place which will say which file has been taken and who has taken it. Cross Referencing – So if input onto the computer with a number you can find the original in the files. File retention polices – A company has to keep certain documents for a certain amount of time. Indexing – To keeping a list of names or subjects with references to the pages so able to find when needing the original copy from a file. You can store information on a hard drive inside your pc, you can save it onto a CD/DVD or a memory stick. You can keep data safe by having a password on everything that needs to be kept private, and could have locked away in a certain order in some unit cabinets so only certain people can get in and see the information. The best way to dispose important and personal data is to shred it. 1. 2 Explain why confidentiality is critical when managing information Confidential information could be someone’s personal details like their home address and bank details which must be kept secure under legislation requirements. It is important to keep details confidential to avoid identity theft, also makes clients feel more secure knowing there information is safe because they would not want anybody to find out there details. You can keep data secured manually which is held in a locked area or cabinet, or keep it electronically that is password controlled. 2. Understand the purpose of producing documents that are fit-for-purpose 2. 1 Identify reasons for producing documents that are fit-for-purpose Documents should be fit for purpose so that it is suitable for the audience it is intended for and so that it meets the company standards. To do this you need to make sure that the document is readable, is accurate on details and enhances the organisations reputation. 2. 2 Describe different types and styles of documents and when they are used Different types and styles of documents have different people to use for – Letters for clients and customers Emails with attachments for circulation information to colleagues Reports for providing information to colleagues Most companies have a certain house style template for documents which is formatted accordingly to the guidelines of the certain organisation. Having a template specific to the company has the benefit of promoting the company image and having consistency with documents. 1. Know the procedures to be followed when producing documents 1. 1 Identify reasons for agreeing the purpose, content, layout, quality standards and deadlines for the production of document Reasons may include ensuring the correct format is used for the type of document being produced, because if the purpose is unclear the document will not make sense as it needs to. Content – So you know how to write the document correctly for the audience. Style – Varies on the type of document, so if it was an agreement then a formal standard style would be used. Deadline – Makes the time frame clear for something to be complete, also gives the client a clear time when the project should be finished by. Efficiency Makes the company look more professional and organised. Repetition – Doing good quality work on time gives a good impression of the company which could mean more work because they will be recommended because of its good repetition. 1. 2 Describe ways of checking finished documents for accuracy and correctness, and the purpose of doing so Ways of checking finished documents are by using the spell and grammar checker to ensure there are no mistakes, or you could ask a colleague to check the document to make sure all the necessary information has been included. You should always check that money, date, name and address details are all correct because if the address or money are incorrect someone wrong could be getting a lot or not enough money they need which would have a negative impact on the business and could lead to lost custom. 1. 3 Explain the purpose of confidentiality and data protection procedures when preparing documents You will be observing the Data Protection Act (1998) and policies and procedures of the organisation, this covers, Secure storage of documents Who should have access This is to avoid, Loss of personal data Damage to the business Prosecution The most sensitive information is anything that belongs in a personnel file like: Forms relating to employee benefits. Complaints from customers/co-workers. Records of attendance Warnings or other disciplinary actions Medical/Insurance records Litigation documents Forms providing emergency contacts Wage forms The information in a personnel file should be private and should have log ins to get into if saved onto a computer or saved in locked files and the only people that need access to it for wages etc, will have a key or the password. 1. 1 Compare different types of documents that may be produced from notes and the formats to be followed Documents that can be produced from notes are: Memo – The format will include â€Å"To†¦From†¦Ref†¦Date†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and then the relevant information being communicated. Letter – Printed on company header paper, listing reference, date, name, address, and subject, letter content, from, signature, name and job title. Also if the letter is confidential this must be stated. Report – Title, Introduction, Body of report, a conclusion, consistency of format is essential i. e. using the same font size and style throughout. Minutes – Title of the meeting, date was held, who attended. Agenda – Include apologies for absence, minuets of previous meeting, what it’s about, date, and time. 1. 2 Explain the procedures to be followed when preparing text from notes Procedures to follow when preparing text from notes Purpose for the notes. Format for the document. Check the notes to confirm right and amend if needed. Check you have all correct notes to make a document. Produce document. Check document.

Digital Communication Simulation Using Matlab Computer Science Essay

Digital Communication Simulation Using Matlab Computer Science Essay Objective Aim Scope of the assignment The objective of this assessment is to model and analyse modulation and coding in Communication Systems using Matlab.[1] This lab exercise aims to teach (show) modulation demodulation techniques like QAM 64 over AWGN wireless channel throw Matlabs Communication toolbox. In task 1, simulation and analysis of modulation and demodulation (using the 64-QAM) is been perform. By use of Matlabs high performance language, a designed code is been given in each task. Transmitted and received signals are been show in scatter plots at different SNR values. Simulation of the rectangular pulse shaping filter in combination with modulation is been introduced in the second part. The effect of rectangular pulse shaping is been used at the transmitter side after the QAM-64 modulation. Integrate and dump operation effect is been used at the receiver side. A full analysis of these two effects is been given below. In both tasks, the transmission is being over an AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) wireless communication channel. Comparison, analysis and a discussion of the results is been given below each task. Introduction on general modulation/demodulation and 64-QAM AWGN channel, noise and rectangular pulse shaping Modulation Demodulation Modem In the area of telecommunications, modulation is the process of changing a periodic waveform (i.e. a tone), in order to use that signal to transfer a message. Normally the carrier signal (usually is a sinusoidal) has higher frequency than the input signal. Amplitude, phase and frequency are the three key parameters of a sine wave. These parameters can be modified in accordance with a low frequency information signal to obtain the modulated signal. Amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation are the most common analog modulation techniques. Radio and television broadcast stations typically use AM or FM. More complex forms of modulation are Phase Shift Keying (PSK), Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) and Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) which are the three basic digital modulation techniques. A device that performs modulation is known as a modulator and a device that performs the inverse operation of modulation is known as a demodulator. A modulator converts a digital signal to an analog signal (typically a sinusoidal signal) and a demodulator converts a modulated (analog) signal back to the original unmodulated (digital) signal.[2] A few years ago a computer was connected to the internet through a modem (in now days a different type is being used, ADSL modem/router) over a regular analog line. A modem converts an outgoing digital signal to an outgoing modulated signal, and converts an incoming modulated signal to an incoming digital signal.[2] Modulation is used to change the signals bandwidth so it can be transmitted on a limited-bandwidth communication channel (like a telephone line or a cable TV channel) without too much distortion.[2] It also allows more connected users on the same communication link. Digital modulation Digital modulation schemes transform digital signals into waveforms that are compatible with the nature of the communications channel. There are two major categories of digital modulation. One category uses a constant amplitude carrier and the other carries the information in phase or frequency variations (FSK, PSK). The other category conveys the information in carrier amplitude variations and is known as amplitude shift keying (ASK). In digital communications, modulation is often expressed in terms of I and Q. This is a rectangular representation of the polar diagram. On a polar diagram, the I axis lies on the zero degree phase reference, and the Q axis is rotated by 90 degrees. The signal vectors projection onto the I axis is its I component and the projection onto the Q axis is its Q component.[5] Figure 1 I-Q format [5] Figure 2 Trends in the industry [5] Main Digital Modulation Schemes Techniques Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Amplitude shift keying represents digital data as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave. There is an on/off transmission that represents the binary logic 1/0. ASK has poor performance cause is heavily affected by noise and interference. For binary digital modulation, BASK is the simpler form of ASK. Figure 3 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) [3] Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) The carriers frequency is modulated by the digital signal. 1/0 represented by two different frequencies slightly offset from carrier frequency.[4] That means that is a different frequency for 1 and another frequency for 0. FSK can be expanded to a M-ary scheme, employing multiple frequencies as different states.[3] For binary digital modulation BFSK is the simpler form of FSK. Figure 4 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) [3] Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation scheme that conveys data by changing, or modulating, the phase of the carrier wave. Phases are separated by 180o. Phase modulation can be achieved simply by defining a relative phase shift from the carrier, usually equi-distant for each required state. Therefore a two level phase modulated system, such as Binary Phase Shift Keying, has two relative phase shifts from the carrier, + or 90o. Phase modulation requires coherent generation and as such if an IQ modulation technique is employed this filtering can be performed at baseband. [6] Figure 5 Phases separated by 180o on BPSK [4] Figure 6 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) [3] Multi-Symbol Signalling M-ary Signals Multiple-symbol signaling is the process where multiple levels are used to encode binary information into groups of two bite, four bits, etc. [8] Figure 7 M-ary signals [3] Amplitude and phase shift keying can be combined to transmit several bits per symbol (in the above figure M=4). These modulation schemes are often refered to as linear, as they require linear amplification. 16-QAM has the largest distance between points, but requires very linear amplification. 16PSK has less stringent linearity requirements, but has less spacing between constellation points, and is therefore more affected by noise. M-ary schemes are more bandwidth efficient, but more susceptible to noise. [3] Quadrature Phase Shift Key Modulation (QPSK) Quadrauture Phase Shift Keying is a form of PSK. QPSK is a system of modulating digital signals onto a radio-frequency carrier signal using four phase states to code two digital bits. QPSK is effectively two independent BPSK systems (I and Q), and therefore exhibits the same performance but twice the bandwidth efficiency. QPSK can be filtered using raised cosine filters to achieve excellent out of band suppression. Large envelope variations occur during phase transitions, thus requiring linear amplification. [3] Figure 8 QPSK [4] Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) Quadrature amplitude modulation is a combination of amplitude modulation and phase shift keying. It is a modulation scheme-technique which conveys data by modulating the amplitude of two carrier waves. That is an amplitude modulation on both quadrature carriers. These two waves, usually sinusoids, are out of phase with each other by 90Â ° and are that is why they called quadrature carriers. QAM has extensive use in digital microwave radio links. The 16-QAM below stands for 2n discrete levelsÆ’Â   n=2 same as in the above QPSK. Figure 9 16-QAM Figure 10 16-QAM [7] Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) Additive means that the sum of the transmitted signal and noise produce the received signal. White means that its two sided power spectral density is flat for all frequencies of interest for radio communication system. The amplitude of the noise is distributed according to a normal or Gaussian distribution. [8] Its information gives a single impairment. Noise pulse shaping and rectangular pulse shaping In digital telecommunications, pulse shaping can be used to change the waveform of transmitted pulses, so the signal bandwidth matches that of the communication channel, reducing distortion and intersymbol interference. In other words its purpose is to make the transmitted signal suit better to the communication channel by limiting the effective bandwidth of the transmission. Modulation is often followed by pulse shaping. Rectangular pulse shaping repeats each output from the modulator a fixed number of times to create an up-sampled signal. Rectangular pulse shaping can be a first step or an exploratory step in algorithm development, though it is less realistic than other kinds of pulse shaping. If the transmitter up-samples the modulated signal, then the receiver should down-sample the received signal before demodulating. The integrate and dump operation is one way to down-sample the received signal. [8] Demodulation is often preceded by a filtering or an intergrate and dump-operation. Answers to assignments tasks Task 1 In this assignment you are required to design and implement the process of modulating a random binary data stream using 64-level QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation), transmitting it over an AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) wireless communication channel, and demodulating the received signal using the 64- QAM demodulator. Your system should consist of a baseband modulator, AWGN channel, and a demodulator. The following table indicates some relevant functions from the Matlab Communications Toolbox which may be used in this assignment. The functions for 64-QAM modulator/demodulator can be taken from the Matlab Communications Toolbox, or even implemented by you. Job Function Generate a random binary data stream randint Add white Gaussian noise awgn Create a scatter plot scatterplot Compute the systems BER biterr The length of the binary data stream (i.e., the number of the rows in the column vector) is set to 5000. Task 1.1 Write codes to 1) Display the transmitted and received signals in different scatter plots for the following two situations: a) SNR = 40 dB; b) SNR = 14dB; 2) Compute the systems bit error rate (BER) for the two situations. Answer 1.1 1a) The m-file for SNR=40dB x=randint(4998,1); %Random binary data stream of 4998 digits %Bits to symbols mapping xsymbols=bi2de(reshape(x,6,length(x)/6).,left-msb); y=qammod(xsymbols,64); %Modulation using the 64-QAM yTx=y; %Transmitted signal scatterplot(yTx) grid; title(Transmitted Signal) %Transmission over an Additive White Gaussian Noise channel,SNR=40dB ynoise=awgn(yTx,40,measured); yRx=ynoise; %Received signal scatterplot(yRx) grid; title(Received Signal, SNR=40dB) zsymbols=qamdemod(yRx,64); %Demodulation using the 64-QAM z=de2bi(zsymbols,left-msb); %Symbols to bits mapping z=reshape(z.,prod(size(z)),1); %Computation of Number of Erros and Bit Error Rate [Number_of_errors,Bit_Error_Rate]=biterr(x,z) Figure 11 Transmitted signal Figure 12 Received signal 1b) The m-file for SNR=14dB x=randint(4998,1); %Random binary data stream of 4998 digits %Bits to symbols mapping xsymbols=bi2de(reshape(x,6,length(x)/6).,left-msb); y=qammod(xsymbols,64); %Modulation using the 64-QAM yTx=y; %Transmitted signal scatterplot(yTx) grid; title(Transmitted Signal) %Transmission over an Additive White Gaussian Noise channel,SNR=40dB ynoise=awgn(yTx,14,measured); yRx=ynoise; %Received signal scatterplot(yRx) grid; title(Received Signal, SNR=14dB) zsymbols=qamdemod(yRx,64); %Demodulation using the 64-QAM z=de2bi(zsymbols,left-msb); %Symbols to bits mapping z=reshape(z.,prod(size(z)),1); %Computation of Number of Erros and Bit Error Rate [Number_of_errors,Bit_Error_Rate]=biterr(x,z) Figure 13 Transmitted signal Figure 14 Received signal 2) Computation of the systems bit error rate for the two situations SNR=40dB SNR=14dB Task 1.2 Compare/explain in detail the results obtained in a) and b), and explain clearly how the differences come from. Answer 1.2 In the above code, there is a bit to symbol mapping. A bit cant take values from 0-63 but a group of bits can. The two transmitted signals are identical cause both signals modulated with the same modulation schemes (64-QAM) and transmitted throw the same channel (Additive White Gaussian Noise wireless channel). Received signals have different scatter plot. This happens cause the first received signal was transmitted throw a channel with SNR=40dB and the other one was transmitted throw a channel with SNR=14dB. In the second scatter plot it is obvious that the channel is too noisy in accordance with the first scatter plot which seems that it hasnt got any clue of noise. For example, if a ADSL line has SNR lower than 15dB then several problems occurred like frequent disconnections etc. According to scatter plots the bit error rate and the number of errors for the first signal with SNR=40 was expected to be 0 cause the channel was clear from noise. On the contrary, for the second signal with SNR=14dB bit error rate and number of errors expected to be non zero. Both expectations verified. The ratio of the signal strength to the noise level is called the signal to- noise ratio (SNR), . If the SNR is high (ie. the signal power is much greater than the noise power) few errors will occur. However, as the SNR reduces, the noise may cause symbols to be demodulated incorrectly, and errors will occur. [3] Task 2 Modulation is often followed by pulse shaping, and demodulation is often preceded by a filtering or an integrate-and-dump operation. In this task you are required to investigate the effect of rectangular pulse shaping by using it at the transmitter side after the 64-QAM modulation and also the effect of integrate-and-dump operation at the receiver side. Rectangular pulse shaping repeats each output from the modulator a fixed number of times to create an upsampled signal. If the transmitter upsamples the modulated signal, then the receiver should downsample the received signal before demodulation. The integrate-and-dump operation is one way to downsample the received signal. The following table indicates the additional relevant functions from the Matlab Communications Toolbox which may be used in this assignment. Job Function Rectangular pulse shaping rectpulse Intergrate-and-dump downsampling Intdump Task 2.1 Write codes to 1) Display the received signals in scatter plots when a) SNR = 40 dB; b) SNR = 14dB; 2) Compute the systems bit error rate (BER) for the two situations. Answer 2.1 1a) The m-file for SNR=40dB %Random binary data stream of 5004 digits x = randint(5004,1); %Bit to Symbol Mapping xsymbols = bi2de(reshape(x,6,length(x)/6).,left-msb); %Modulation using the 64-QAM. y = qammod(xsymbols,64); %Pulse shaping, 3 samples per symbol shaped=rectpulse(y,6); %Transmitted Signal yTx = shaped; scatterplot(yTx) title(Transmitted signal) grid; %Transmission over an Additive White Gaussian Noise channel,SNR=14dB ynoise = awgn(yTx,40,measured); %Received Signal yRx = ynoise ; %Integrate and dump deshaped=intdump(yRx,6); scatterplot(deshaped) title(Received signal,SRN=40dB) grid; %Demodulation using the 64-QAM zsymbols = qamdemod(deshaped,64); %Symbol to bit mapping > to perform the computation of BER z = de2bi(zsymbols,left-msb); a = reshape(z.,prod(size(z)),1); %Computation of Number of Erros and Bit Error Rate [Number_of_errors,Bit_Error_Rate] = biterr(x,a) Figure 15 Received signal,SNR=40dB 1b) The m-file for SNR=14dB %Random binary data stream of 5004 digits x = randint(5004,1); %Bit to Symbol Mapping xsymbols = bi2de(reshape(x,6,length(x)/6).,left-msb); %Modulation using the 64-QAM. y = qammod(xsymbols,64); %Pulse shaping, 3 samples per symbol shaped=rectpulse(y,6); %Transmitted Signal yTx = shaped; scatterplot(yTx) title(Transmitted signal) grid; %Transmission over an Additive White Gaussian Noise channel,SNR=14dB ynoise = awgn(yTx,14,measured); %Received Signal yRx = ynoise ; %Integrate and dump deshaped=intdump(yRx,6); scatterplot(deshaped) title(Received signal,SRN=14dB) grid; %Demodulation using the 64-QAM zsymbols = qamdemod(deshaped,64); %Symbol to bit mapping > to perform the computation of BER z = de2bi(zsymbols,left-msb); a = reshape(z.,prod(size(z)),1); %Computation of Number of Erros and Bit Error Rate [Number_of_errors,Bit_Error_Rate] = biterr(x,a) Figure 16 Received signal,SNR=14dB 2) Computation of the systems bit error rate for the two situations SNR=40dB SNR=14dB Task 2.2 Compare/explain the results with those obtained in Task 1, and explain clearly how the differences come from. Answer 2.2 The difference between Task1 and Task 2 are the rectangular pulse shaping and integrate and dump operation. Rectangular pulse shape upsampling the signal after modulation. It actually applies a square pulse to the signal and repeats each symbol several times (in this case symbols are repeated 6 times). The dump operation is downsampling the signal. It is actually an integral of the signal for a single period. In this case, modulation followed by pulse shaping and demodulation preceded by integrate and dump operation. Since rectangular pulse shaping repeats each output from the modulator a fixed number of times then we expected our signals to be better than those in task1. This expectation came true since BER for SNR=40 dB is 0 and for SNR=14 dB is 0.0038. In the second case when SNR=14 dB it is obvious that BER and number of errors reduced dramatically. The filtering on the transmitter causes intersymbol interference. The filtering at the transmitter and the channel typically cause the received pulse sequence to suffer from interysmbol interference and this appear as an amorphous smeared signal, not quite ready for sampling and detection. When the channel bandwidth is much greater than the pulse bandwidth, the spreading of the pulse will be slight. When the channel bandwidth is close to the signal bandwidth, the spreading will exceed symbol duration and cause signal pulses to overlap. This overlapping is called intersymbol interference. [11] Rectangular pulse shaping was used to minimize distortion and the effect of intersymbol interference. It made the transmitted signal fit better to the communication channel by limiting the effective bandwidth of the transmission. The BER and number of errors improvement succeeded because symbols were sent several times. In this case, filtering made the signal better. Without filtering, signals would have very fast transitions between states and therefore very wide frequency spectra much wider than is needed for the purpose of sending information. [5] Conclusions If the SRN value is high enough, the received signal is almost clear from noise. High SNR value stands for a value close to zero for Bit Error Rate. In the presence of noise and interference, it is necessary to increase signal power to reduce the possibility of errors. The bit error rate (BER) of a system indicates the quality of the link. Filtering is essential for good bandwidth efficiency. High level M-array schemes (such as 64-QAM) are very bandwidth-efficient but more susceptible to noise and require linear amplification. [3]

On the Genealogy of Morality Essay -- Philosophy, Nietzsche

Friedrich Nietzsche’s â€Å"On the Genealogy of Morality† includes his theory on man’s development of â€Å"bad conscience.† Nietzsche believes that when transitioning from a free-roaming individual to a member of a community, man had to suppress his â€Å"will to power,† his natural â€Å"instinct of freedom†(59). The governing community threatened its members with punishment for violation of its laws, its â€Å"morality of customs,† thereby creating a uniform and predictable man (36). With fear of punishment curtailing his behavior, man was no longer allowed the freedom to indulge his every instinct. He turned his aggressive focus inward, became ashamed of his natural animal instincts, judged himself as inherently evil, and developed a bad conscience (46). Throughout the work, Nietzsche uses decidedly negative terms to describe â€Å"bad conscience,† calling it ugly (59), a sickness (60), or an illness (56); leading some to a ssume that he views â€Å"bad conscience† as a bad thing. However, Nietzsche hints at a different view when calling bad conscience a â€Å"sickness rather like pregnancy† (60). This analogy equates the pain and suffering of a pregnant woman to the suffering of man when his instincts are repressed. Therefore, just as the pain of pregnancy gives birth to something joyful, Nietzsche’s analogy implies that the negative state of bad conscience may also â€Å"give birth† to something positive. Nietzsche hopes for the birth of the â€Å"sovereign individual† – a man who is autonomous, not indebted to the morality of custom, and who has regained his free will. An examination of Nietzsche’s theory on the evolution of man’s bad conscience will reveal: even though bad conscience has caused man to turn against himself and has resulted in the stagnation of his will, Ni... ... noble morality (16). Furthermore, in contrast to the self-contentment of the noble morality, the slave’s lack of outward power led him to direct his power inwards, resulting in man’s first exploration of his inner life. While critical of the attitude found in the ressentiment of slave morality, Nietzsche’s includes it as an important factor contributing to the bad conscience of man. Even though Nietzsche dislikes the negative results of bad conscience – man’s suppression of his instincts, hate for himself, and stagnation of his will -- Nietzsche does value it for the promise it holds. Nietzsche foresees a time coming when man conquers his inner battle and regains his â€Å"instinct of freedom.† In anticipation of that day’s eventual arrival, Nietzsche views the development of bad conscience as a necessary step in man’s transformation into the â€Å"sovereign individual.†

Free Hamlet Essays: Hamlet Interpreted :: The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays

Hamlet Interpreted It is clear Hamlet can be interpreted from a multitude of perspectives on numerous levels. I cannot quite grasp Mr. Bloom's contention that this is a work of near biblical importance nor can I accept his allusions to Jesus or the Buddha. "Hamlet remains apart; something transcendent about him places him more aptly with the biblical King David, or with even more exalted scriptural figures."(Bloom, 384). My immediate response is that when Mr. Bloom shuffles off this mortal coil, I don't believe Billy Shakespeare will be waiting with a pint of ale. Professor Schechner's enjoyable production increased my appreciation of the value of wardrobe and inflection of voice. Prior to this performance I did not see Polonius as a buffoon (as portrayed by Mr. Shapli), nor the incestuous nature of Ophelia's familial relationships (Ms. Cole's ability to transform from coquette to lunatic was shocking). Doubtless there are near as many interpretations of Hamlet as there are Shakespearean aficionados. My own expertise lies in the political arena. I believe Hamlet could be construed as a treatise on aggressive, imperialist behavior. Throughout the Dramaturgic Analysis of Hamlet Prince of Denmark the indecisiveness of Hamlet is noted. He does not immediately seek vengeance but continually schemes, rants and raves (both in his rational and insane moments). Whether cowardice, caution, or simply indifference dominate his persona is unclear - what is clear is his distaste for his own behavior: "How stand I then, That have a father kill'd, a mother stain'd,...And let all sleep, while to my shame I see The imminent death of twenty thousand men... (sic)." (Shakespeare, 116). The impending doom of the twenty thousand men alludes to a campaign waged by Fortinbas, the Prince of Norway. Though the battleground is said to be of little value, Fortinbas is warring on principles of honor and the subsequent expansion of Norway. An enraged Hamlet mistakenly slays Polonius. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are sent to their inconsequential deaths only when he is inspired by pirates to save his own life. These murders involved no elaborate schemes but were simply enacted. Yet with all his planning, his opportunities, his justification, why can he not kill Claudius? The portrayal of the pirates as "merciful thieves" (Shakespeare, 124) and the fact that warlike Fortinbras succeeds in Poland and obtains the Kingdom of Denmark by play's end - may be a commentary on decisive, imperialistic behavior.

Adam Smith`s American Dream: Of desire and debt by Peter C. Whybrow

The American dream is a complex notion that embodies traditions, social and personal values of people. This concept is closely connected with historical and economic development of America, its liberation movement and economic changes. Explaining the American dream it is possible to single out social, personal and economic dimensions that determine this concept. In the book â€Å"American Mania: When More Is Not Enough†, P. C. Whybrow tries to explain outcomes and consequences of the American dream for the entire population and a burden of debt faced by many Americans.Taking into account economic perspectives, American dream means opportunities for everyone to become rich and prosperous in spite of his background and origin. From the very beginning of American colonization period people see the continent as a special place where there is plenty of opportunity for someone to become wealthy. Today, it is possible to define the American dream from different perspectives, but in g eneral: the American dream is the idea that through persistence, hard work and self-determination people can achieve prosperity and high social status.This notion has created workaholic cults based on principles of the American dream. Following Whybrow (2005); â€Å"A polyglot nation of prodigious energy, we are held together by dreams of material progress† (p. 22). Consumerism has a great impact on the notion the American Dream. After the period of the Depression the reforms in the marketplace not only produced double-digit growth but also enabled ordinary citizens to nurture dreams and social networks that challenged official discourse and conventions through millions of daily commercial transactions.People received a chance to earn more and buy expensive goods. Their buying habits were transformed and became necessities. The workaholic cult makes the realization of American Dream simpler because new consumers created great demand for goods. A new version of capitalism bega n evolving in which creativity was not just perennial but constant, in which rapid-fire innovation and continuous improvement were the norm. Cultural changes had a great impact on the workaholic cult and customer wants.This process which took place in 1960s resulted in the development of the creative sector as an integral part of the American dream. Educational establishments were places where human creativity was cultivated and could flourish. Millions of Americans rather quickly acquired a steady job, a car, and a big house, and debts. Most of them had tried to achieve social mobility but failed limited by gender and racial prejudices, lack of education and financial support. Free-market capitalism supported (supports) a financial burden of struggling propositions.On the one hand, economic development led to increased possibilities of education and the opening up of a greater variety of life chances, but these chances were minor in contrast to high class opportunities. Also, rapid population growth of poor classes increased burden on the financial resources and social provisions reducing buying potential of a particular individual from poor regions. The ideas of prosperity enslaved many Americans who tried to test the American dream and achieve higher social status. Also, these ideas are heated by inequalities between the rich minority and the poor majority.Stressing the need to meet basic needs as the primary driving force towards development, sometimes imaginatively termed the basic needs approach, emphasizes that health and education are motors for productivity and that the basic needs of all sectors must be met. Today, the differences between middle class families and poor are inevitable supported by social and economic constraints and self consciousness of people. Following Whybrow â€Å"The scramble for â€Å"the dream† demands a lengthened workday, diminished sleep, continuous learning, unusual energy, and a high tolerance for financial insecu rity.To be â€Å"successful† is to be a multi-tasking dynamo† (Whybrow, 2005 p. 23). An American without a car and big house is an outsider, who is unable to settle his life. For this reason, millions of Americans take loans in order to meet the established criteria of prosperity. The main problem of Americans is that they spend more than they earn. This problem leads to large debts and psychological problems caused by hard working and financial pressure. The author explains that the debts and financial burden is a direct result of heavy advertising and fashion popularizing luxurious life style and prosperity.The author gives the following example of ‘modern’ advertisements: â€Å"t he photographs highlight the vehicle’s interior, a rich brown leather interior. â€Å"Think of it as chocolate, as another sweet spot in your life,† is the drift of the spin-doctor's advice† (Whybrow, 2005 p. 21). There is a false need fabricated by media an d advertisers popularizing luxurious life style and fashion. Most people become enslaved to the workplace prisoners, because they have to meet the highest possible standards established by media and society.The other problem is that people's occu ¬pations or market positions have abso ¬lutely no bearing on their self-understanding or interpretation of their social world and neither has any relation to their individual or collective actions, which are quite unpredictable on the basis of either. Social pressure is the main cause of financial debts and ‘free-will slavery’. â€Å"Many Fortune 500 companies, once considered havens of lifetime employment, have transformed themselves into profit-driven workaholic cults’(Whybrow, 2005 p. 22).If anything explains the goals people pursue it is the social conditioning they receive, high social classes are proud and seek power, the ordinary man is timid and seeks security. Most people do not understand that upward mobil ity is practically impossible for working class children and immigrants, because they cannot enter Universities and pay for their education. Also, â€Å"manic† is caused by racism and feminism organized via institutional frameworks especially within the state as part of the disciplinary power of state agencies like the police, but which is subject to ongoing contestations.Whybrow cites the example of a working mother who is enslaved and has no time for her daughter and family. The author comments that â€Å"It is the promise of special gifts and a magical holiday that finally proves convincing and, finishing the call, the mother sighs to herself and turns to reading† (Whybrow, 2005 p. 21). Most female employees are viewed as mothers and wives which create a glass ceiling for most of them, and force them to work hard for years to prove their professionalism and high level of responsibility.Also, the author underlines the role of technology and innovations in life of Ame ricans and their dreams. The great layer of information and varieties of technology become available now, but the present day situation is marked by such phenomenon as â€Å"technology stress†, which means that all technological advantages society is craving for are nothing more than ephemerally. In sum, the American dream and false social values resulted in the workaholic cult and financial burden for many Americans. Social and economic uncertainty creates new tensions while reinforcing existing ones.The basic principle of this process is that in social process systems, prosperity are interrelated with the human or social aspects. The basic social and economic processes such as competition, conflict, accommodation and assimilation lead to debts and financial pressure. However a consistent pattern is the great gulf that separates the rich from the poor, and the central role of the state in articulating the relationship between them. References 1. Whybrow, P. C. (2005).  "Adam Smith`s American Dream: Of Desire and Debt† American Mania: When More Is Not Enough. W. Norton & Company. pp. 21-48.

Against School Essay

Against School Gattos opinion on school is extremely intense and straight forward. For the most part I agree with his standing point on the subject of schooling. I agree with his arguments of how we have become a society that completely relies on technology to keep us from being bored, and this notion teaches us to be absent minded rather than creative. I also agree that keeping kids â€Å"locked up† in a building for about seven hours a day gives us no room to grow individually and learn from life experiences. Not only are students the ones in jeopardy because of this confined structure, but the teachers are as well. It’s almost like this narrow minded school system we abide by is just a dark cloud that hovers over us and imprints this idea that there is no other way to do things. When you think about it, school closely resembles what prison is made out to be. A bunch of unhappy people who would rather be anywhere but there. This is NOT what education should be about. We should enjoy learning, not think of it as a chore or something to get over with so that we can move on to the next thing in life. Which is what? More work? We need to focus on training our brains to engage in activities, enjoy the moment, be curious, and to discover new wonders, not new worksheets. I remember being a kid, gazing out the window on a car ride home, letting my imagination run wild, as fast as the car was going. Now whenever I drive for long periods of time, I lean over to look at what my little brother is doing. He’s constantly staring at some sort of computer screen. I even attempt having a conversation with him, asking him if he has any homework he needs help with but all I get in return is the same absent- minded response that I receive every day after school, â€Å"Nope, I already did my homework at school. † I’m always worried that he’s not getting an education, but instead is just receiving a â€Å"schooling†. He never seems engaged in his homework, but is more interested in what video game he can play as soon as he’s done. What ever happened to picking up a book and actually exercising the brain to imagine impossible things such as dragons and fairies? Does the board of education honestly think that they are tricking everyone into thinking that you will learn better off of a simple worksheet rather than actually going out and doing hands on interactions? Why do they restrict us? It’s almost like they emphasis conformity. It’s such a contradicting setting, school is. They put so much pressure on us to be individual and be completely yourself, yet they don’t allow us freedom to do so. I think we all stay so indifferent to the subject that it’s only getting worse. And the more we stay indifferent about it, the more the problem will escalate. It’s a vicious cycle that has to be stopped.

E-Commerce Insider Threats Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

E-Commerce Insider Threats - Research Paper Example In addition, a major element of the problem appears from poor systems engineering of networks and software. However, to effectively deal with these imprecision and ambiguities in the business information system there is need to minimize the system loop holes and problems regarding the effective management and operational handling. Furthermore, the management of the business information security and operations has turned out to be a main task in business. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the current state of insider threats to computer systems and infrastructure in terms of numbers, costs and potential problems. The main intention of this research is offer a comprehensive overview of the different insider threats to computer systems for E-Commerce. Shaw, Ruby, & M. (1998) outlined that the ideal business information systems protection besides all outer and inner threats is not possible. The main difficulty of monitoring against the business information security threats has been an important aspect of the literature, and business information system development (Shaw, Ruby, & M., 1998). However, the main problem is the inherent complexity of the business systems. Thus, here are problems in terms of some recognized techniques offering business impressions that are not practical solutions. In this case more and more challenges are coming out in form of virus and worms (Graham, 2005). Cho, Chang, Kim, & Choi (2003) stated that in this new age of information corporations are completely dependent upon the complex information systems. In addition, these systems are in a greater danger in terms of vulnerability of systems to computer information security and crime attacks. Thus, the high-tech environment and technological experts are n eeded to develop, manage, and maintain these business information systems (Cho, Chang, Kim, & Choi, 2003). According to (Shaw,

The importance of creativity in children's development Essay

The importance of creativity in children's development - Essay Example This building process is an ongoing, continuous and dynamic process. The progress is a directional step towards increasing autonomy of an individual from dependency. These transformational changes are strongly influenced by genetically determined factors like overall growth, changes in proportion of body and brain parts, and mellowing certain tasks like vision and dietary needs. The specific characteristics occur in a particular sequence and within a specific period. The developmental process can be boosted or nurtured by manipulating various events during early childhood, and physical, social, cultural, learning and emotional areas through environmental stimuli (Ashford et al., 2001). The developmental domains should be gazed and grasped carefully to understand the overall growth of the child. This helps in unfolding abilities of each child. Then, accordingly efforts should be made so that, the child is encouraged to learn and evolve. Bringing together all the development aspects, l ead to flowering of a child. Holistic development of the child is the integrated approach of nurturing child’s all round developmental progress. Nature emphasises on the innate or inborn characteristics of human being based on the concept of the biology. Nurture emphasises on the modifying the innate features by various environmental stimuli or exposure. Human biology is the storehouse of diverse possibilities or the potential personality of the individual which can be become splendid, normal or even abnormal by type of experiences available or made available (Pressley & McCormick, 2006, p.4). Most of the recent developmental psychologists accept the fact of bioecological interpretation of human development. The inseparable disposition and complex interaction of ‘nature’ and ‘nurture’ makes the individual unique person with particular set of abilities. Human intelligence is the most fiercely

The American history ( 1900 ) The Cold War Research Paper

The American history ( 1900 ) The Cold War - Research Paper Example A reading which I found to be informative and concise about Cold War is done by H.W. Poon in 1979.and adapted by T.K. Chung .Poon has done substantial research in history since World War I and could be considered a good source. All my critics in this researchare based on this author’s account of history. He drew vivid image of history of events and personalities that have to deal with the events of the war and history. He wrote a timeline of events from the beginning of the cold war, its causes, The Berlin Crisis, the Cold War in East Asia,the formation of allied forces, until the tension eased in 1954. The article is written for a general viewership since it is a hosted website of the writer. Its website has been on the internet since 1998 and has been telling storiesin history, I have often heard of the Cold War but I do not know its underlying reasons. I had very few ideas about the cold war, and on this ,Poon has added to a deeper understanding of the reasons for conflict. As told, one of the reasons for conflict is in having different ideologies of both. US has free elections, freedom of the press, and has the freedom of assembly. Poon described the Soviet atmosphere so different from the US since they have communist government.. This fact is already known, but Poon argued in his writing that due of this difference of government system, a compromise between the two nations had very little hope. Another reason he gave is due to economics. Here again, there is conflict, as United States wanted free trade throughout the world but the Soviets resisted this since it wanted to â€Å"shield off her own sphere from international commerce† because they are afraid that trading with the West would expose Russia to the risk of being opened to influences of the West that would erode the totalitarian system† Again this opposed view brought hard feelings between the two countries. Next reason, which is debatable, is the power of rivalry, because after World War and the decline of Europe, power is shared by the Soviet Union and the United States. Poon sees this as a power struggle as each one wants to dominate the other. The power of domination has been suspected by the United States thru the speech delivered by Winston Churchill in March 1947 that the Soviets planned an aggressive control of Europe The speech is certified as a primary source document (See Annex A – copy of the speech of Winston Churchill) Poon’s report of Truman’s declaration is confirmed by a document found from the archives of the Congress, Document 171 of the 80th Congress. 1st session. This is supposed to be a primary source of document that will testify to the reference of the report. The core of Trumann’s Doctrine was that "it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressure." This statement clearly manifests an anti-communist princ iple and could only suggest an open war on Communist Russia. To confirm this policy, the United States went into a massive military and economic aid I Greece and Turkey Poon gave his impression on t he characters of the two presidents, President Roosevelt and Truman that made me visualize their personalities and how they actually ruled the country during the war,I have not known before that Pres. Roosevelt was optimistic while Pres. Truman was opposite. Pres.